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data to the typed interfaces in the DC's separation layer, so providing the familiarity of typed interfaces for functional developers . In many cases, there are clear advantages in providing both a strongly typed and a strongly tagged interface . A typical structure to enable this is illustrated in Figure 12 .6 . The functional developer of the subject component on the left interacts with a proxy that presents a strongly typed interface, hiding tagged data. The target component on the right provides both a strongly typed and a strongly tagged interface . The dispatcher and the interface implementation hide the details from the target component's functional developer, who has to worry only about the implementation of strongly typed interfaces . When appropriate tools are used to generate the separation layer, then the effective functional developer's view is as shown in Figure 12 .7, where it can be seen that the functional developer is concerned only with strongly typed interfaces . The fact that the functional developer does not have to deal with marshalling and demarshalling tagged data from and to types does not mean that he or she can ignore tags . Suppose, for example, that a functional developer specifies a strongly typed interface such as :

-0.04631 0

or, more compactly,

The effective management of stakeholders on a project is an important key to success (Jergas et al, 2000) A construction project affects many different stakeholders before, during and after construction work on site and a negative perception by stakeholders can severely obstruct the implementation of a project Inadequate management of the concerns of stakeholders may lead to controversy and con ict about the implementation of the project Community attitudes are one example that has been shown to be an important factor when planning for and locating a construction project (Rogers, 1998) The demands of different stakeholder groups are likewise different A construction project can bene t one stakeholder group and have a negative impact on another Understanding the viewpoints of different stakeholders helps the construction project manager build relationships and thus avoid preconceived ideas and assumptions (Watson et al, 2002).

In this chapter, we examine, inter alia, the prevalence of multiple stakeholder perspectives The dif culty of addressing the concerns of stakeholders is due to a failure to recognise and avoid the technical rationale versus the cultural rationale, lack of success in de ning and presenting the bene ts and costs to all affected stakeholders, and failure to reach equitable and fair agreements on the redistribution of these bene ts and costs (Dorshimer, 1996) Improper and arbitrary decision-making often becomes an issue when engineers make decisions on issues they believe to be purely technical and professional in nature, but which those affected see as questions of political power (Connor, 1998) Many of the sources of disagreement in such disputes involve value-trade offs rather than technical issues (McAvoy, 1999).

0.8500 1.0000 0.8500 0.7225

This nonlinear equation cannot be solved explicitly, so that we have to resort to the fixedpoint iteration scheme. As a numerical example, consider the case where E[S] = 1.0 and where X increases from 0.05 to 0.95, i.e.,p increases from 5% to 95%. In Table 7.1 we compare the results for the D(M(1 queue with those of the MIMI1 queue. As performance measure of interest, we have chosen the average waiting time. As can be observed, the deterministic arrivals have a positive effect on the performance since E[W] is smaller in the deterministic arrivals case. Also observe that 0 approaches p as p increases. As CThas taken over the role of p in the expression for the mean waiting time, we see that for small utilisations (when CJis much smaller than p) the waiting time is much lower than in the corresponding MIMI1 case. For larger utilisations the effect of having deterministic arrivals instead of Poisson arrivals becomes relatively less important. To conclude this example, we can state that with respect to man waiting times the DIM] 1 queue can be seen as an MIMI 1 queue with reduced utilisation 0 where 0 follows cl from (7.8). Since we have knowledge about the number of customers seen by an arriving customer, we can express the waiting time distribution for such an arriving customer as well. If